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1991-04-30
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15KB
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384 lines
INSTRUCTIONS - PC CRYPTOGRAMS 1.1
(c) Copyright 1991
Blanchard Software
PC CRYPTOGRAMS 1.1 contains 50 letter substitution cryptograms with
technical data to help you solve the puzzles. The program lets you
type letter guesses in the text, and then it makes the letter
substitutions throughout. All of the usual pencil and eraser labor of
solving cryptograms is eliminated.
PC CRYPTOGRAMS 1.1 consists of the following files:
CRYPTO.EXE Executable program
CRYPTO.DOC Instructions
CRYPTO.TXT Puzzle texts
README.CGM Please READ ME.
The program runs on an IBM PC or clone with color or monochrome
display.
GETTING STARTED
The first thing to do is to make a backup copy of the PC CRYPTOGRAMS
disk. If you use a hard disk, then choose a directory and copy PC
CRYPTOGRAMS and all of its files into the directory. Then you are
ready to run the game.
NOTE! The first time you run PC CRYPTOGRAMS it will create a file
called STFILE.CGM in the current directory. This file keeps status
data for the puzzle selection display.
In the discussion below the symbol <Enter> refers to the Carriage
Return or Enter key. Function keys are denoted by square brackets, as
in [F2].
OPERATING THE PC CRYPTOGRAMS PROGRAM
If you are running PC CRYPTOGRAMS from floppy disk drive A, then type
A:<Enter> to make A the current drive. If you have a hard disk, then
make the hard disk the current drive, and choose the directory that
holds PC CRYPTOGRAMS.
To start the program type CRYPTO<Enter>. The program will display a
registration reminder and let you make some choices.
1. If you want to print a registration form, get your printer
ready and type P<Enter>.
2. If you want the on-screen instructions, type I<Enter>.
3. If you have a color monitor and you want to choose color or
monochrome display, type C<Enter> or M<Enter>. If you do
nothing the display will be color.
4. When you want to go to the game just press <Enter> without
typing a letter. The program will display the puzzle
selection screen.
All of the cryptogram puzzles are identified by number on the puzzle
selection screen. Next to each number there is a dot, the letter X or
the letter P. The dot signifies a puzzle which has not been done yet.
The letter X signifies a completed puzzle. The letter P denotes a
partially completed puzzle that has been saved.
You can select any puzzle from the list by typing the number and
pressing <Enter>. You can quit PC Cryptogram by typing Q and pressing
<Enter>.
Once you have selected a puzzle, the program will do some preparatory
calculations and then display the puzzle screen. The puzzle screen has
a title block and a help window at the top.
The help window initially shows you what the function keys do.
[F1] and [F2] control the help window.
[F3] and [F4] control the technical data display.
[F7] clears all guesses.
[F8] shows the solution.
[F9] saves guesses and quits.
[F10] gets you a new puzzle.
There are eleven help displays available. Press the function keys [F1]
and [F2], to page through them.
The technical data display is shown in four lines below the help
window. There are four sets of technical data available, selected by
function keys [F3] and [F4].
The initial display shows puzzle letters and their frequencies. The
second display , with two lines of numbers, shows contact variation
and letter frequencies. See "HELP FOR NEW SOLVERS" for further
discussion of contact variation.
The third display shows a list of the most frequent digraphs in
English and the actual digraphs from the puzzle. The fourth display
shows a list of the most frequent trigraphs in English and the actual
trigraphs from the puzzle.
You can type letters, digraphs or trigraphs on the underscore line.
Press <Enter>, and PC CRYPTOGRAMS will make the substitutions
throughout the puzzle. PC CRYPTOGRAMS does not record guesses until
you press <Enter>.
The puzzle text is presented below the technical data.
Type your guesses on the underscores anywhere in the puzzle and press
<Enter>. The program will make letter substitutions in the text and in
the technical data displays. You may type more than one letter before
pressing <Enter>.
If you change your mind about any letter, retype the letter anywhere
it appears, and press <Enter>. You can also blank or delete any letter
the same way.
The Home key moves the cursor to the upper left corner of the puzzle
working area. The End key moves it to the lower right corner of the
screen. You can use the End and Home keys to speed cursor movement.
When you solve a puzzle, PC CRYPTOGRAMS shows you the author and
(usually) the title of the source of the quotation. It leaves the
puzzle on the screen until you press a number or letter key (or the
space bar).
The program then returns you to the puzzle selection screen where you
can pick another puzzle or type Q to quit.
If you think you have solved a puzzle, but the program doesn't confirm
it, check the letters. You must have all letters entered correctly for
the program to acknowledge the solution.
If you use [F8] to look at the solution of a puzzle, PC CRYPTOGRAMS
assumes you will not want to try to solve it again during the same
session. The puzzle will be marked with an N for "Not Available" in
the puzzle selection display. PC CRYPTOGRAMS will ask you to select
another puzzle if you choose it again.
PC CRYPTOGRAMS makes the puzzles available again the next time you run
the program.
ABOUT THE PUZZLE TEXTS
All the puzzles presented in PC CRYPTOGRAMS 1.1 are quotations from
well known authors. They were chosen for humor and general interest as
well as for puzzle qualities.
I have removed hyphens from some paired words that are not hyphenated
in modern practice. I have spelled out a couple of contractions that
would have been too misleading. I have tested all of these puzzles.
They are all solvable, but some are difficult.
The final two puzzles are presented with word spaces removed.
HELP FOR NEW SOLVERS - BASIC METHODS
There are many methods of solving cryptograms. A couple of different
approaches are described here.
The most basic method doesn't require the technical data. It requires
that you use your knowledge of English word structure to make
reasonable letter guesses.
Start with the small words. A single letter is likely to be A or I. A
three letter word after a comma is often AND or BUT. A letter after an
apostrophe usually S or T.
The most common three letter word is THE. Common double letters are
LL, EE, SS, OO and TT. Word endings ING, ION, ER, ED, ES and LY occur
frequently.
Many other characteristics of English words are useful.
Examine the puzzle text. Make some reasonable guesses and enter them.
Examine the text after each guess to see if any strange letter
patterns appear. Strange letter combinations mean some of your guesses
are wrong. Just change them and try again.
After 3-5 correct letter guesses you should begin to see letter
patterns in the text that suggest words to you. Then it is usually
easy to finish the puzzle as each new guess suggests additional words.
You can also examine the puzzle text for pattern words (words with
repeated letters). Make the substitution for the pattern word. (Check
letter frequencies if you want to.) Then examine the text word-by-word
for strange letter patterns and make corrections if necessary.
PC CRYPTOGRAMS has a list of common pattern words and lists of the
most common short words in the help window.
You should be able to solve most of these puzzles by concentrating on
the small words and using pattern words. It is not necessary to use
the technical data. But if you want to use the more technical means of
solving, go ahead. It can help you learn how to attack more difficult
puzzles.
HELP FOR NEW SOLVERS - TECHNICAL DATA
PC CRYPTOGRAMS calculates statistical data and presents it to you in
four technical data displays. Two of the displays show digraphs and
trigraphs from the text.
Digraphs are letter pairs and trigraphs are letter triplets. Consider
the word PUZZLE for example. The digraphs in PUZZLE are PU, UZ, ZZ,
ZL, and LE. The trigraphs in puzzle are PUZ, UZZ, ZZL, and ZLE.
Digraphs and trigraphs provide an additional statistical tool for
solving puzzles. The most frequent digraphs in the puzzle will
generally correspond to the most frequent digraphs in English. That is
not to say that the most frequent puzzle digraph will always
correspond to TH. But one of the most frequent digraphs will usually
turn out to be TH.
A similar argument is made for trigraphs. The trigraph THE will
usually turn out to be one of puzzle's most frequent trigraphs.
You can check your interpretation of digraphs or trigraphs with the
letter frequency data. For example, if you think the puzzle trigraph
XYZ may be THE, type THE under the trigraph and press <Enter>. Then
look at the letter frequencies for X, Y, and Z. The letters X and Z
should have very high frequencies, and Y should have a relatively high
frequency.
If the frequencies seem okay, then look through the puzzle text
examining every place that the T, H, and E substitutions have been
made. If you see any very unusual letter patterns, then XYZ=THE is
probably wrong.
For example, if an HH shows up, that is certainly wrong. But TT occurs
frequently and would tend to confirm your guess.
If the letter substitutions convince you that XYZ is not THE, then
delete THE in the trigraph display and try the next most frequent
trigraph.
There are several puzzles in this set where trigraph analysis will let
you quickly crack the puzzle. There also are puzzles where trigraph
analysis is not especially helpful.
Another technical data display shows contact variety and letter
frequency, sorted by letter frequency. This display has two rows of
numbers, an alphabet, and a row of underscores. The numbers in the
second row are the letter frequencies. The numbers in the top row are
the "contact variety" for the letter in the alphabet row.
Contact variety is the number of different letters that contact a
given letter. Consider the phrase MIGHT IS RIGHT for example. The
letter I appears three times and is contacted by four different
letters: M, G, S and R. Therefore, its frequency is 3 and its contact
variety is 4.
The letter G appears twice and is contacted both times by I and H.
Therefore, its frequency is 2 and its contact variety is 2.
Vowels tend to have higher contact variety than consonants because
each syllable contains a vowel and there are many more consonants than
vowels. Identifying vowels can help you to break some of the toughest
cryptograms.
You can mark vowels and consonants with the * and # characters. PC
CRYPTOGRAMS will accept these symbols and will not give a warning
message for duplicate assignment of these symbols.
The use of digraphs, trigraphs, and contact variety is more common on
advanced puzzles, such as those in which word separation and
punctuation have been suppressed. It is interesting to try these
methods on simpler cryptograms, and it is a good way to learn the
methods so you can try some of the tougher cryptograms.
ERROR MESSAGES
The error messages that PC CRYPTOGRAMS produces are listed below along
with suggested remedies.
Cannot create STFILE.CGM. Is disk or directory full?
The most likely cause for this error is a full disk or a
full catalog. Erase one or two files and see.
Error in reading STFILE.CGM, the status file.
The file has been corrupted or a disk error has occurred.
Restore from a backup or erase the file and let PC
CRYPTOGRAMS create a new file.
Error in writing to STFILE.CGM, the status file.
The file has been corrupted or a disk error has occurred.
Restore from a backup if you have one or erase the file and
let PC CRYPTOGRAMS create a new copy.
ERROR in reading the CRYPTO.TXT file
The file is present on the disk, but PC CRYPTOGRAMS finds
something wrong in the file. Restore the file from backup.
ERROR. Cannot find the CRYPTO.TXT file.
PC CRYPTOGRAMS checks the current drive and directory for
its support files. The file is not present. You may have to
reset the default drive, change the directory or copy files
from backup.
Write fault error writing device PRN.
Abort, Retry, Ignore?
The printer is not turned on. Turn it on and type R. This is
a DOS error message. The wording may vary somewhat depending
on which version of DOS you use.
SHAREWARE
PC CRYPTOGRAMS 1.1 is shareware. You may freely make copies and share
them with your friends as long as you distribute only complete,
unaltered copies of the program and files.
If you enjoy PC CRYPTOGRAMS 1.1, please register your copy ($15 fee).
I will send you Volume 2 of PC CRYPTOGRAMS with more than 150
additional puzzles. I will also send you information about other
cryptogram programs.
You can print a registration form from the PC CRYPTOGRAMS sign-on
screen.
OTHER PUZZLE PROGRAMS
Blanchard Software produces other types of word puzzles and cryptogram
puzzles. Write for information.
WALTER BLANCHARD
BLANCHARD SOFTWARE
P.O. BOX 1650
NORRISTOWN, PA 19401